Folia Philologica

THE TERMINI DICTIONARY OF THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE CONTAINING LOANWORDS FROM THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

Krisztián VÁRADI — 2024-12-20

The Termini Hungarian–Hungarian Dictionary and Database is a perfect example of modern-day online dictionaries which aim to preserve the language varieties of the Hungarian minorities living in the neighbour states of Hungary, including Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Austria and Slovakia. The aim of the present article is to provide an introduction to the material of the Termini Dictionary, while shedding light on the importance of codification and preservation of the lexical borrowings from minority language varieties across the Carpathian Basin. Online dictionaries are useful tools in corpus linguistics because they are easy to update, thus they contain neologisms and other newly coined vocabulary elements that emerge as a result of linguistic and social changes. If the Hungarian language is taken into consideration, it underwent a great amount of changes in the previous century due to the Treaty of Trianon (1920), which split the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary into several pieces after World War I. As a consequence, many people of the Hungarian nationality moved to the neighbouring countries, but they kept their Hungarian identity and mother tongue. However, the language use of the Hungarian minority groups living in the states of the Carpathian Basin is significantly different in terms of vocabulary elements as compared to the standard Hungarian language variety spoken within the borders of present-day Hungary. The main difference is that the language varieties of Hungarian minorities are affected by the state languages of those countries where they live since the Treaty of Trianon. An example of such language varieties is the one spoken by the Hungarians in Transcarpathia, Ukraine. They frequently borrow words from the Ukrainian state language during their everyday communication. The novelty of the Termini Hungarian–Hungarian Dictionary and Database lies in the fact that although state language borrowings are getting more and more recognition in the two recent decades, but no other Hungarian dictionaries exist, which could provide such a comprehensible outline of minority language use. As of December 2024, the Termini Dictionary contains 5,577 entries, out of which 1,123 belong to the Transcarpathian variety of the Hungarian language. Therefore, the influence of the Ukrainian state language on the language use of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine is unquestionable, and the Termini Dictionary is a helpful tool in keeping record of the contact between the Hungarian and Ukrainian languages.

THE ABBREVIATIVE ADVERBS OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF LINGUISTIC ECONOMY IN THE SOCIAL MEDIA COMMUNICATION OF THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 21ST CENTURY

Olha VORONINA — 2024-12-20

The article deals with the abbreviative adverbs and their role in linguistic economy of social media communication. The aim of the study is to identify the adverbs with the morpheme-abbreviation root as the newest derivatives, to study their structure, syntactic role and stylistic functions. We associate their emergence, in particular, with the principle of linguistic economy, which consists in simplifying speech efforts and is caused by the linguistic pragmatism of speakers. Social media communication in the first quarter of the 21st century has promoted the formation of capacious derivatives. Applying empirical research methods (observation, comparison, description), information and parametric analysis, analogy, heuristic methods, developing our research by the scientific induction method, we have found out that abbreviative adverbs formed from an adjectival abbreviative base constitute a small group of such derivatives, since not all adjectives of the Ukrainian language are capable of providing a derivational basis for adverbs. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the analysis of abbreviative adverbs has not been covered to present extent in any studies before. We have come to the conclusions that today abbreviative adverbs are motivated only by abbreviative adjectival bases, at the same time most of abbreviative adverbs belong to the category of action mode and only a few adverbs are attributive. Most often, abbreviative adverbs occur as a substitute for syntagmatic constructions that are more capacious in terms of the number of linguistic signs – comparative phrases with an abbreviature as a main word. The process of abbreviative adverbs assimilation by the native speakers of Ukrainian language is also noticeable: in some syntactic constructions, there is a transition of adverb from its traditional prepredicate position (as a predicate modifier in place of a comparative syntactic construction) to the role of a subject modifier, a predicate or a modal word.

‘PLACE OF MEMORY’ – CINEMA «UKRAINE»: ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE PROTEST OF THE SIXTIERS

Liudmyla DANYLENKO — 2024-12-20

The article is devoted to the problem of postcolonial memory in the artistic interpretation of contemporary Ukrainian prose. Some aspects are based on the theory of ‘memory sites’, which suggests a close study of the reference points in the experience of the past. It is stated that a certain object becomes a ‘place of memory’ due to the significant events and personalities involved in it. In this regard, the specific features of depicting a place that became memorable for Ukrainians in the context of anti-Soviet confrontation during the totalitarian era are studied. This place is the Ukraine Cinema in Kyiv, where a public protest against repressions in the USSR took place at the premiere of the film “Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors” on 4 September 1965. The literary analysis is based on the novels by S. Dziuba and A. Kirsanov “The Forbidden” and T. and O. Lytovchenko “The Book of Stagnation”. As the writers recreated the event-fact, describing its real chronology and the actions of specific individuals (Ivan Dziuba, Vasyl Stus, Viacheslav Chornovil, Serhii Parajanov, etc.), the study referenced the discourse of fiction documentary. It is noted that the authors of both novels focused on recreating the audience, emphasizing its exceptional condition – living through a protest action rather than watching a film. The concentration of main events in one space allowed the writers to show emotional moments, the behaviour of the main characters, the reaction of the audience, as well as to create symbolism of iconic phrases, and to emphasise visual and sound details. The study points to individual authorial approaches to the depiction of the ‘place of memory’ – the Ukraine Cinema at a very significant moment. S. Dziuba, A. Kirsanov, T. and O. Lytovchenko found their own angles, used the intertext in their own way, and built plots with various amounts of speculation. The issue of artistic interpretation of postcolonial memory in contemporary prose is still relevant. Further research is needed into the writers' coverage of “places of memory”, value signs that connect one with one’s past and encourage the cognition of identity.

LANGUAGE IN THE OPTICS OF WAR

Orysia DEMSKA — 2024-12-20

Language security studies are currently undergoing a phase of intensive formation. Recent research explores language both as an object of study and as a subject of security and military studies. This article aims to provide a scholarly interpretation of language as an object of language security research. Language acquires military determinism alongside its status as a national value, which falls within the scope of national interest, particularly when such a status is discursively accentuated. In situations of threat or emerging danger, any language – especially when it serves as a crucial element of a society’s political framework, a marker of ethno-political identity, a symbol of its native speakers, and a matter of national interest – demonstrates its inherent militarisation. The exemplary material includes the existentially distinct Yugoslav military events between 1991 and 2001, as well as russia’s war against Ukraine since 2014, including its full-scale phase from 2022. At first glance, language and war may seem like entirely distant concepts, yet they are interconnected through human agency. Language is an inherent characteristic of human nature, while war is a human conscious activity that cannot exist without language. The relationship between language and war extends beyond the individual to the state, particularly in modern times, where political language identity of it is almost always subject to protection, including military defence. Even if, for a certain period, language and war appear to occupy opposite extremes on the spectrum of human existence, there inevitably comes a moment when they converge, and language, despite all else, becomes an integral part of war. The militarisation of language typically manifests through two main models: 1) when, during a certain period, a shared language serves as a security instrument for many but, with a shift in context, transforms into a threat and disintegrates; and 2) when two languages exist in existential opposition, meaning that their organic coexistence within the same linguistic group, at the same time, in the same territory, and with the same functions, becomes virtually impossible. The Ukrainian language, which actualizes the second model, demonstrates its militarised nature particularly under the following conditions: war and occupation of part of its territory; the legacy of colonisation and russification; and external influences on linguistic minority groups in Ukraine.

LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL VERBALISERS OF THE CONCEPT HERO

Galyna ZHOLTIKOVA — 2024-12-20

The article is devoted to the study of the lexical and semantic organisation of the lexical verbaliser of the concept ГЕРОЙ – HERO based on the Ukrainian and Russian dictionaries and studies by the Ukrainian researchers. The purpose of the article is to perform a lexical and semantic analysis of the lexeme-verbaliser of the concept ГЕРОЙ – HERO in terms of common and different semantic components in the Russian and Ukrainian linguistic cultures. It is proved that the conceptualisation of heroism in the Russian and Ukrainian linguistic spaces is based on the semantic dimensions of «psychological and volitional qualities», «qualities of a warrior», «ability to self-sacrifice», «outstanding achievements», «influence on society». It is emphasised that in the discourse of war there are transformational changes in semantic paradigms, in particular, the concept of ГЕРОЙ – HERO becomes a marker of national pictures of the world, a stable associative connection of belonging to a nation that wages war for its own ideals is built, and the combatant is a carrier of the characteristic features of an individual soldier. The blurred content of the concept of ГЕРОЙ – HERO in the Russian linguistic culture is due to the post-truth and semantic uncertainty of basic national meanings that acquire new connotations. The lexicographic analysis has shown that to identify the lexeme «hero» in Russian, the adjectives ‘беззаветный – selfless’, ‘бесстрашный – fearless’, ‘мужественный – courageous’, ‘отважный – brave’, ‘доблестный – valiant’, ‘смелый – bold’, ‘храбрый – brave’, as well as the phrase ‘человек, обращающий на себя повышенное внимание – a person who attracts increased attention’ are used mainly. This evidences introduction of diagnostic features, positioning the hero as a «role model». In the Ukrainian language, the hero’s characteristics are defined by nouns, which evidences subjectification of a person in the language: ‘видатна своїми здібностями і діяльністю людина – a person outstanding for their abilities and activities’, ‘хоробрість – bravery’, ‘відвага – courage’, ‘самовідданість у бою – selflessness in battle’, ‘самопожертва – self-sacrifice’, ‘рятівник – saviour’, ‘лицар – knight’, ‘козак – сossack’, ‘відчайдух – do-ordie’. The verbal origin of the lexemes ‘рятівник – saviour’ and ‘самопожертва – self-sacrifice’ evidences evaluation of the hero by his actions. In the Russian linguistic culture, the image of the hero is sacralised, his readiness for selfsacrifice is emphasised, and the hero is an object of worship. In the Ukrainian language, the hero’s activity is assessed as socially useful, aimed at certain actions for the sake of the Motherland: ‘переможець – winner’, ‘звитяжець – victor’, ‘лицар – knight’, ‘молодчага – hotshot’, ‘відчайдух – do-or-die, ‘виявляє відвагу – shows courage’, ‘самовідданість і хоробрість у бою і в труді – selflessness and bravery in battle and in work’. These differences indicate a fundamental divergence between the conceptual worldviews of Ukrainians and Russians.

THE NUCLEAR ZONE OF ASSOCIATIVE FIELDS FOR THE COLOUR TERM ЧОРНИЙ / ЧОРНЫ / CZARNY / ЧЕРЕН / BLACK: A COMPARATIVE ASPECT

Marharyta ZHUIKOVA — 2024-12-20

The article analyses associative field data of the stimulus lexeme ЧОРНИЙ / ЧОРНЫ / CZARNY / ЧЕРЕН / BLACK obtained from the speakers of Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Bulgarian, and English within the framework of eleven free associative experiments. The choice of this adjective’s associative field is determined by both its significant linguistic status and the cultural significance of represented concept. The direct object of comparison has made the central zone of the respective associative fields, which included only those reactions that accounted for at least 5 percent of the total field. The aim of the study is to determine the degree of invariance (stability) of the core reactions, found for all fields, and the nature of the relations core reactions have to the stimulus word. It was found that the number of associates in the central zone of the researched fields varies from one (for the English-speaking British respondents) to five (for the Belarusian speakers). In general, the nine most frequent units are represented in the fields: 'white', 'colour', 'cat', 'night', 'dark', 'negro', 'raven', 'death', and 'day'. Reactions 'white' and 'colour' appear most frequently in the central zone (they were obtained within the framework of eight out of eleven experiments). In six experiments with the Slavic language speakers, the reaction 'cat' appeared in the central zone. Nuclear reactions 'night', 'dark', 'negro', 'raven', 'death', and 'day' are characterized by a lower degree of invariance (especially 'day', which is present as a core association only for the Belarusian language speakers). Virtually all of our identified central associates are related to the colour meaning of the stimulus word rather than its secondary meanings. The reactions obtained in the central zone enter into various types of relations with the stimulus word. The connection between the stimulus 'black' and the reaction 'white' seems the most straightforward, a typical manifestation of antonymic paradigmatic relationships. More complex, in our opinion, is the connection between the adjective 'black' and the reaction to it, manifest in the noun 'colour'. On the one hand, this relationship is a manifestation of syntagmatic grammatical relationships (especially in the languages inflected for gender). However, the associative experiments data suggest that speakers of the Slavic languages react to this stimulus as the name of a concept, ignoring its gender. Therefore, it is appropriate to see this fact as a manifestation of the relation between the name of the basic-level category and the superordinate-level category in the speakers’ mind. The connection between the stimulus 'black' and the reaction 'cat' is the most complex. This connection is undoubtedly based on syntagmatic relationships, but its high frequency is influenced by the factors that go beyond strictly linguistic factors. The appearance of the combination 'black cat' in the central zone of associative fields is influenced by the elements of traditional worldview, where mythologem of the 'CAT' (with the highly relevant subconcept 'BLACK CAT') is endowed with evaluative meanings. The negative assessment of black cats, in particular, has led to the formation of verbal nomination, which became firmly rooted in the linguistic memory of the community as a carrier of cultural and semiotic significance.

THE ETHICS OF USING EUPHEMISMS IN THE ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION OF SOCIO-POLITICAL TEXTS

Kostiantyn KOSHARNYI — 2024-12-20

The article considers the ethics of using euphemisms in the English – Ukrainian translation of socio-political texts. The issue of euphemism in the social and political context from the Ukrainian and foreign researchers` point of view is analysed. The current political situation of a country is inseparably connected with the welfare of its society. An analysis of scholarly works confirms that to achieve adequacy and equivalence in translation and preserve the stylistic and pragmatic nuances of euphemisms in the target language, a translator can use a direct equivalent, employ stylistic transformations, or discard the euphemistic potential of the original vocabulary during the translation process. The competence of political figures and participants in political communication on the international stage, as well as within the state, allows for the dissemination of ideas, the establishment of connections, the promotion of civic engagement, and the ability to influence people's ways of thinking and behavior. It is stated that euphemization is a mandatory condition for politically correct speech in intercultural communication. Since the evolution of euphemistic potential is directly related to the characteristics of culture, euphemistic vocabulary is an unstable component of the language system, complicating the process of translation into the target language. Furthermore, over time, the pragmatic potential of euphemisms tends to change, acquiring the characteristics of the concepts they are used to denote. Euphemia, as a multidimensional and dynamic phenomenon, is extensively studied within various approaches, particularly in the context of translation. An analysis of speeches by contemporary American politicians shows that euphemisms are widely used to describe social, economic, and political issues. They help highlight the positive aspects of government actions or avoid addressing complex issues without losing their influence on the audience. At the same time, euphemisms reduce emotional tension, ensuring an attenuated approach to the conveyed and rendered information.

RITUALIZED TEXTS OF THE UKRAINIAN MARINE CORPS AS CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF FOLKLORIC HEROISM

Maryna MYTSIUK — 2024-12-20

Ritualized texts of the Ukrainian Marine Corps – particularly oaths, slogans, and commemorations of fallen comrades as contemporary forms of folkloric heroism – play a critical role in shaping and transmitting values and norms within the military environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role these texts play in fostering collective identity and patriotism among the Ukrainian marines. The article examines a corpus of ritualized texts as a set of folkloric heroic forms that not only preserve the continuity of military traditions but also reflect the new challenges and realities of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It considers the impact of these texts on strengthening combat morale, as well as on cultivating an enduring motivation and commitment to the ideals of freedom, resilience, and independence. By applying textual analysis and interpretive methods to these ritualized texts, the study explores their structural and semantic characteristics within the context of modern military culture. A comparative analysis with similar texts from other countries’ armed forces further reveals both unique features and common traditions. The results indicate that ritualized texts such as the oath, slogans, and the commemoration of the fallen play a key role in shaping the military ethics and moral code of the Ukrainian marines. They foster the enrooting of traditional values while simultaneously adapting to the new conditions of contemporary warfare. These texts thus emerge as a significant cultural phenomenon, merging tradition and modernity, and forging a strong intergenerational bond among the Ukrainian warriors.

EXISTENTIAL MOTIVES IN M. SELIM’S COLLECTION OF SHORT STORIES SECRET TUNNEL

Serhii RYBALKIN — 2024-12-20

The article is devoted to a study of existential motifs and the problem of the search for identity in Mustafa Selim’s collection of short stories “Secret Tunnel”. The aim of the study is an analysis of the artistic means by which the author reveals the inner world of the characters, their existential crises and attempts at self-determination in the context of modern social transformations. The methodological basis of the study is a combination of narratological and phenomenological approaches, which reveals both the formal features of the text and the deep philosophical meanings of the works. With the use of narratological analysis, the structure of the narrative, the features of the plot and the temporal organization of the narrative were studied. The phenomenological method was used to deconstruct the subjective experience of the characters, their experience of time, space and corporeality. The study reveals the key themes of the collection: loneliness, alienation, the search for the meaning of life and one’s “Self”. Special attention is paid to the study of the author’s narrative strategies, in particular the use of the stream-of-consciousness technique, fragmented narrative and symbolic images. It has been found out that the fragmentation of the narrative reflects the disintegration of the characters’ consciousness and the crisis of identity, while the symbolic images of water and desert function as metaphors of the constant transformations of identity in the modern world. Mustafa Selim skillfully uses symbolism, metaphors and the technique of the stream of consciousness to reflect the existential states of the characters, keenly combining traditional Arabic literary forms with modern techniques. The author’s use of the “stream of consciousness” technique in combination with traditional Arabic narrative forms is particularly innovative and creates a unique artistic synthesis. The article analyzes in detail the relationship between the characters’ personal crisis and broader cultural transformations in the Arab world and examines the specifics of the adaptation of Western philosophical concepts in the Arab cultural tradition.

TRANSFORMATION OF NARRATIVE DISCOURSE ON VOLUNTEERING IN THE MEDIA SPACE OF UKRAINE (FEBRUARY 2022 – OCTOBER 2024)

Larysa SNIHUR — 2024-12-20

Media discourse, as a universal category of modern communicative and informative discourse reflecting current sentiments of society in various spheres of activity – politics, economics, culture, etc., is an important component of modern society and a representation of the undergoing changes. It is pragmatically oriented towards the formation of common values in society, informing and highlighting social issues that are relevant to society, and setting the vector for perceiving events that take place in physical space. An important component of the information space is the existence and promotion of a system of narratives as a form of comprehension and representation of reality, as tools for uniting the nation and building its resilience in the context of hybrid warfare. Formation and actualisation of new levers and behavioural patterns in the media space are tools to minimise risks of external destructive influence on society. In the context of Russian aggression, the topic of unity of Ukrainian society, promotion of Ukrainian values and priorities, and coverage of the established European vector of movement is a key one. The purpose of the article is to study the discourseforming role of the VOLUNTEER concept in shaping and transforming the narrative discourse on volunteering in the media space of Ukraine during the period of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, based on discourse and content analysis using Big Data technology. The study was carried out using the Attack Index information and analytical service, which allows determining the degree of information resonance or danger of information flows on selected topics/persons. The study was conducted within the timeframe of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine – 24.02.2022 – October 2024. The content analysis was performed on the basis of 524,958 Ukrainian-language publications. Identification of the periods of information activity by key forms of volunteers allowed us to trace the change in strategic narratives about volunteering during the period of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The emergence of new narratives at the operational level, triggered by events in the physical space of the emergence, was recorded. The analysis allowed to identify lexical markers of strategic-level narratives being introduced and represented by conceptual and thematic groups, representatives of the VOLUNTEER concept. The conceptual and thematic groups reflect the subjects of activity, their actions and features, and the objects of activity and their actions, as well as the actions of society and authorities towards volunteers.

GENOLOGY OF MODERN NEW MEDIA: DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT AND APPROACHES TO STUDY

Halyna TSARYK — 2024-12-20

Modern media genres or social media genres are characterized by multimedia, hypertextuality, and interactivity. These features distinguish them from traditional mass media. Classical or traditional genres are overcoming the multimedia barrier. They are successfully transforming. Simultaneously, new genres emerge, interacting with traditional ones and contributing to the intellectualization of online life. Genre analysis combines approaches from various linguistic and related studies, enabling the identification of homogeneous and heterogeneous features of genres in both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Within the framework of current paradigms and the syncretism of linguistic and sociological interpretations, genology reveals the dynamics of development, similarities and differences between genres. The development of each genre is a natural, dynamic, and diffusive process that reflects various spheres of life. The challenge of genre analysis lies in their variability and contextuality. Genres are not static and are not always clearly defined; they can evolve over time and adapt to changes in communicative practices and technological possibilities. Understanding social media genres requires recognizing their dynamic and fluid nature, which allows for both adaptation and innovation. Despite a relative stability, contemporary genre studies emphasize the evolutionary nature of genres and point out that social changes, social contexts, and their interpretations and reinterpretations lead to genre modifications, blurred boundaries, and even the erasure of distinctions. With the help of modern media genres that rely on digital technologies, information is generated in real time, personalized for consumers, who thereby have the opportunity to participate in its creation and influence the process of collective media creativity. Thus, one of the prominent examples of the modern hybrid genre is а podcast as the successor to the blog. This study aims to analyze critically existing classifications of modern social media genres and to justify an approach that enables grouping the studied genres based on a set of key parameters.

THE CATEGORY OF THE STATE OF THE OLD GERMANIC LANGUAGES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ELIMINATION OF REDUNDANCY LINGUISTIC PHENOMENA

Olga SHAPOCHKINA — 2024-12-20

The article presents various trends of research into the category of state of Old Germanic languages in the context of dynamic synchrony to eliminate linguistic phenomena of redundancy. Scientific exploration involves identifying and comparing factors that determine morphosyntactic changes in the category of state within the language areas: Goth- Scandinavian (Gothic and Old Icelandic) and West Germanic (Gothic, Old English, Old High German and Old Saxon). The study aims to search for new universals, diachronic constants associated with formation of the category of state in Old Germanic languages within the framework of inter-areal opposition. The problem of interpreting the category of state of Old Germanic languages lies in its oppositionality, multi-aspectivity, polysemanticity, and semantic incompleteness. In particular, the study provides an external description of the paradigm of the category of state, restoration of the previous stage of development of its grammatical subsystem; establishing the paths of its genesis in dynamic synchrony. The process of emergence of the original relict class constructions of the Old Germanic languages occurred unevenly: the active state was opposed by sporadic constructions with the semes of class, reversibility, inertia (inactivity), etc. The results of typological studies of the specifics of origin and development of the class category, its class constructions significantly expanded the idea of functioning of the class category paradigm based on the Old Germanic languages, made it possible to determine the asymmetry of class oppositions within the paradigm by areal features. The key findings in the study of the class category paradigm were ancient constructions that formed an asymmetric opposition to the active state, the quantitative indicators of such constructions and the varying degree of ability for their further grammaticalization are due to various intra- and extralingual factors. An integrated approach to the facts made it possible to explain certain deviations from the original directions of development of the category of state and thereby contributed to revealed interaction of internal and external factors of language development. The proposed methodology, results and conclusions of the scientific article can be used in further theoretical developments in the field of not only historical morphology, but also of general theory of language evolution and mechanisms of development of language systems.