INDO-EUROPEAN MUSICAL IDIOM AND INDO-EUROPEAN ETHNOGENESIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/folia.philologica/2021/2/5Keywords:
Indo-European, ethnomusicology, folklore, rhythmAbstract
This article for the first time proposes a methodological bridge between comparative and historical linguistics, classical philology (on the one hand) and ethnomusicology (on the other hand). Thus, it is possible to verify the results obtained independently in various fields of humanities of the 20th century. The present article compares rhythmical patterns of songs with explicit ritual use from different ethnic groups speaking Indo-European languages (Slavic, Baltic, Greek, Albanian, Iranian, and others). In these songs, there are two main types of stable rhythm patterns (0101/0100 and 011/010) which correlate with two main types of Indo-European poetic metrical patterns independently reconstructed by Indo-European linguistics. It suggests that folk songs preserved a range of possible Indo-European rhythmic patterns, even though languages have changed prosodic properties over time. The present study follows the track of previous studies, which showed partial parallels in Baltic, Slavic-Balcan, and Indo-Aryan song patterns, which loans could not explain. Further analysis of rhythmic patterns revealed their connections with prosodic and syntactic properties of Indo-European sentence. Relative rhythmic complexity of possible Indo-European musical idiom may be correlated to the rhythmic complexity of textiles that may be connected to some Indo-European speaking ethnic groups. The parallels outside the Indo-European cultural range show possible Uralic and Caucasian components of Indo-European musical idiom, which may indicate components of ethnogenesis of Indo-European ethnic groups. Thus ethnomusicology may be regarded as an independent source for studying prehistory, along with linguistics, archeology, and genetics. Though proposed in the 20th century by B. Bartok, V. Goshovsky, G. Luko, this program of ethnomusicological research has not yet been implemented.
References
Anthony, David W. (2019). Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes. The Journal of Indo-European Studies. Vol. 47. № 1-2.
Atayan, R. (1965). Armyanskaya narodnaya pesnya. Moskva: Muzyka.
Barber, E. (1975). The Proto Indo-European Notion of Cloth and Clothing. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 4: 294-320.
Barber, E. (1991). Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Age.
Barber, E. (1996). A Weaver’s-eye View of the second Millenium Tarim Basin Finds. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 23: 347-356.
Bartok, B., Lord, A. (1951). Serbo-Croatian Folk Songs. New York: Columbia University Press.
Baud-Bovy, S. (1957). La strophe de distique rimés dans la chanson grecque. In: Studia memoriae Belae Bartók sacra. Budapestini: Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. S. 355-374.
Beekes, R. (2011). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Belyaev, V. (1937). Yakutskiye narodnyye pesni. Sovetskaya muzyka. 9. 11-26.
Belyaev, V.M. (1963). Ocherki po istorii muzyki narodov SSSR. Vyp. 2: Muzykal’naya kul’tura Azerbaydzhana, Armenii i Gruzii. Moskva: Gosudarsvtennoye muzykal’noye izdatel’stvo.
Chaitanya, Deva B. (1980). Indijskaya muzyka. Moskva: Muzyka.
Chianis, S. (1965). Folk Songs of Mantineia, Greece. University of California Press.
Chkhikvadze, H., upor. (1977). Hruzyns’ki narodni pisni. Kyiv: Muzychna Ukrayina.
Comişel, E. (1957). La ballade populaire roumanie In: Studia memoriae Belae Bartók sacra. Budapestini: Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 27-50.
Czekanowska, A. (1981). Kultury muzyczne Azji. Kraków: Polske Wydawnictwo Muzyczne.
Czekanowska, A. (1968). Problem związków ogólnosłowiańskich a wąskozakresowy typ melodyczny. Muzyka. 1. 31-48.
Czekanowska, A. (1972). Ludowe melodie wąskiego zakresu w krajach słowiańskich. Kraków: Polske Wydawnictwo Muzyczne.
Czekanowska, A. (1973). Znaczenie badań muzykologicznych dla studiów nad etnogenezą słowian. Slavia Antiqua. T. XX. 29-42.
Czekanowska, A. (1981). Ukrainska muzyka. In: Mala encyklopedia myzyki. Warszawa: PWN. 1062-1063.
Dovzhenok, G. V., Lugans’ka, K. M. (upor.) (1991). Dityachі pіsnі ta rechitativi. Kiїv: Naukova dumka.
Drăgoi, S. V. (1957). Musical folklore research in Rumania and Béla Bartók’s contribution to it. In: Studia memoriae Belae Bartók sacra. Budapestini: Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 9 – 25.
Dzhagatspanyan, K. (2000). Ritmika armyanskoy muzyki. Dissertatsiya… doktora iskusstvovedeniya. Moskva.
Dzhidzhev, T. (1981). Problemi na metroritma strukturota na pesenniya folklor. Sofiya: Izd-vo BAN.
Elatov, V.I. (1964). Ladovyye osnovy belorusskoy narodnoy muzyki. Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika.
Elatov, V.I. (1966). Ritmicheskie osnovyi belorusskoy narodnoy muzyiki. Minsk: Nauka i tehnika.
Elatov, V.I. (1974). Po sledam odnogo ritma. Minsk. Nauka i tekhnika.
Etymolohichnyy slovnyk ukrayins’koyi movy: v 7 tomah. 2012. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, Tom 6.
Evald Z.V. (1979) Pesni Belorusskogo Poles'ja. Moskva: Sovetskij kompozitor.
Fantuzzi, N. (1984). Preistoria dell’esametro e storia della cultura greca arcaica: a proposito di alcuni studi recenti. Materiali e discussione per l’analisi dei testi classici, № 12, 35-60.
Fedorov, A.I. (1985). Horovodnye i igrovye pesni Sibiri. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
Galaev, B. (1964). Osetinskie narodnye pesni. Moskva: Muzyka.
Goldin, M. (1978). Cherty obshchnosti i svyazi v pesennom tvorchestve latyshey i sosednikh narodov. M.: Sovetskiy kompozitor.
Goshovskiy, V.L. (1971). U istokov narodnoy muzyki slavyan. Moskva: Sovetskiy kompozitor.
Gritsa, S.I. (1990). Ukrainskaya pesennaya epika. Moskva: Sovetskiy kompozitor.
Gusak, D., Kovtunova, M. (upor.). (2016). Oy letіla lastovichka ponad Maramorish: Starovinnі pіsnі Maramorosha. Kiїv: Lazurit-Polіgraf.
Gvardzhaladze, G.M. (1982). Tipologicheskiye osobennosti ritmicheskikh osnov gruzinskoy narodnoy pesni. Avtoref. dis. … kand. iskusstvovedeniya. Tbilisi.
Isaeva, T.I. (2009). Arkhaichnyye i traditsionnyye tekhnologii v sovremennom dizayne tekstilya: Avtoref. dis. … kand. tekhnicheskikh nauk. Sankt-Peterburg: Sankt-Peterburgskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet tekhnologii i dizayna. 17 s.
Ivanov, Vyach. Vs. (1980). Proiskhozhdeniye drevnegrecheskikh epicheskikh formul i meticheskikh skhem tekstov. Struktura teksta [otv. red. T.V. Tsiv’yan]. Moskva: Nauka, 59-80.
Ivanyts’kyy, A. (2009). Istorychnyy syntaksys fol’kloru: Problemy pokhodzhennya, khronolohizatsiyi ta dekoduvannya narodnoyi muzyky. Vinnytsya: Nova knyha.
Jansen, M. (2003). The metrical schemes of the hexameter. Mnemosyne. Vol. LVI. Fasc. 3. 343-348.
Kidaish-Pokrovskaja, N. (ed.). (1977) Baškirskij narodnyj èpos. Мoskva: Nauka.
Kallio, K. (2014). Parallelism and Musical Structures in Kalevala-Metric Poetry. In: Parallelism in Verbal Art and Performance: Pre-Print Papers of the Seminar-Workshop 26th–27th May 2014, Helsinki. 94-105.
Karomatov, F., Nurdzhanov, N. (1978). Muzykal’noye naslediye tadzhikov Priamir’ya. In: V. Karomatov, N. Nurdzhanov. Muzykal’noye iskusstvo Pamira. Kn. 1. Moskva: Sovestkiy kompozitor. 3-23.
Katsarova, R. (red.) (1965). Bъlgarsko narodno tvorchestvo v trinadeset toma. – T. 13. Narodni pesni s melodii. Sofiya: Nauka i izkustvo.
Kharlap, M.G. (1972) Narodno-russkaya muzykal'naya sistema i problema proiskhozhdeniya muzyki. V kn.: Neklyudov, S. (sost.). Rannie formy iskusstva. Sb. statej. Moskva: Iskusstvo. 221-273.
Khodyt’ sonko (1990). Khodyt’ sonko po vulytsi: Ukrayins’ki narodi kolyskovi pisni (upor. O.Yu. Shevchuk). Kyiv: Muzychna Ukrayina.
Kiparski, P. (1973). Inflectional accent in Indo-European. Language. 49 (4) 1973. 794-849.
Klymenko, I. (2021). Obryadovi melodiyi ukrayintsiv u konteksti slov’yano-balts’koho rann’otradyciynoho spivu: typolohiya i heohrafiya. Avtoref. … doktora mystetstvoznavstva. Kyiv: Natsionalna muzychna akademiia Ukrainy imeni P.I. Chaikovskoho
Kolessa, F.M. (1970). Ritmіka ukraїns’kikh narodnikh pіsen’. In: Kolessa, F.M. Muzikoznavchі pratsі. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. 19-23.
Korchagin, K.M. (2011). Sovremennyye zarubezhnyye issledovaniya metriki. Voprosy yazykoznaniya, №, 90-115.
Kushnarev, H.S. (1958). Voprosy istorii i teorii armânskoj monodičeskoj muzyki. Leningrad: Muzgiz.
Krasukhin, K. (2004). Aspekty indoevropejskoj rekonstrukcii: Akcentologiya. Morfologiya. Sintaksis. Moskva: Yazyki slavyanskoj kul'tury.
Krohn, I. (1900). De la mesure à 5 temps dans la musique populaire finnoise. Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft, 1, 142-146.
Kvіtka, K. (1923) Ritmіchnі paralelі v pіsnyakh slov’yans’kikh narodіv. Muzika, № 1, 19-23.
Kvіtka, K. (1926). Pervіsnі tonoryadi. Pervіsne gromadyanstvo, № 3.
Kvіtka, K. (1985). Vibranі stattі. T.1. Kyiv: Muzychna Ukraina.
Lehman, V.P. (1991). Novoye v indoyevropeisticheskikh issledovaniyakh Voprosy yazykoznaniy, № 4, 5-30; № 5, 5-26.
Ling, A. (1981). Shvedskaya narodnaya muzyka. Moskva: Muzyka.
Lloyd, A.L. (1968). Albanian folk song. Folk music journal, № 1(4), 205-222.
Lükő, G. (1964). Zur Frage der Musikkultur in der slawischen Urzeit. Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, № 3-4, 237-289.
Maisuradze, N. (1983). Problemy genezisa, stanovleniya i razvitiya gruzinskoi narodnoi muzyki. Dissertaciya … doktora istoricheskih nauk. Tbilisi: Akademiya nauk Gruzinskoj SSR, Institut istorii, arheologii i etnografii im. I.A. Dzhavahishvili.
Mallory, J.P., Adams, D.Q. (2006). Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford University Press.
Meillet, A. (1923). Les origines Indo-Européennes des mètres grecs. Paris: Les presses universitaires de France. 64. Mironov, N. (1932). Muzyka tadžikov. Stalinabad.
Nagy, G. (1979). On the Origins of the Greek Hexameter: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives. In Studies in Diachronic, Synchronic and Typological Linguistics: Festschrift for Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, ed. by Bela Brogyanyi. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 611–631.
Nakienė, A., Žarskienė, R. (ed.). (2005). Žemaitijos dainos ir muzika 1935-1941 metų fonografo įrašai. Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian literature and folklore.
Nakienė, A., Žarskienė, R. (ed.). (2007). Lietuvių etnografinės muzikos foonogramos (1908-1942) = The Phonograms of Lithuanian Ethnographic Music (1908-1942). Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian literature and folklore.
Nazarov, N. 2015. Indoievropeiske pokhodzhennia formul ukrainskoho folkloru: Suchasna interpretatsiia sposterezhen O.O. Potebni. Movoznavstvo, № 6, 66-71.
Petr, V. (1899). O melodicheskom sklade ariyskoy pesni. Istoriko-sravnitel'nyj opyt. Sankt-Peterburg.
Picken, L. (1957). Twelve ritual melodies of the T’ang dynasty. In: Studia memoriae Belae Bartók sacra. Budapestini: Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 147-173.
Pіsnі (2009). Pisni Volynі j Podіllja. Nash rode horoshij… Vyp. 1. Luc'k: VMA «Teren».
Pisni Podillya. (1976). Pisni Podillya. Zapysy Nasti Prysyazhnyuk v seli Pohrebyshche 1920-1970 rr. Kyiv: Naukova dumka.
Pllana, Sh. (1979). Das albanische Volkslied in Kosovo. International review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, Vol. 10, № 2, 215-236.
P’yankova, S. (1973). Nekotorye osobennosti napevov v russkoy svad’be. In: Problemy muzykal’nogo fol’klora narodov SSSR. Moskva, 17-36.
Schmitt, R. (1967). Dichtung und Dichtersprache in indogermanischer Zeit. Wiesbaden.
Shaw, Margaret Fay. (1957) Gaelic Folksongs from South Uist. In: Studia memoriae Belae Bartók sacra. Budapestini: Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 417-434.
Sinyaver, L.S. (1958). Muzyka Indii. Moskva: Muzgiz.
Skvortsova, N. (2009). On evidence for the genetic relationship between Turkic and Mongol song traditions. In: Jarkko Niemi (ed.). Perspectives on the Song of the indiginous peoples of northern Eurasia: Performance, genres, musical syntax, sound. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 73-87.
So sangen. (1993). So sangen sie in den dreissiger Jahren: Lieder und Sprüche, vorgetragen von Frauen aus Császártöltés und Katymár. Wien.
Szegő, J.G. (1988). Ismeretlen moldovan nótafák. Budapest: Európa.
Tadzhikova, Z. (1972). Svadebnye pesni tadzhikov (po materialam Zeravshanskih ekspediciy). Istoriya i sovremennostʹ. Problemy muzykalʹnoj kulʹtury narodov Uzbekistana, Turkmenii i Tadzhikistana. Moskva.
Tavlai, G.V. (1986). Belorusskoe kupal'e: obryad, pesnya. Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika.
Tsvetaev, M.A. (1956). O nekotoryh osobennostjah tadzhikskih narodnyh melodij. Trudy AN Tadzhikskoj SSR, XLII, 107-123.
Tuck, A. (2006). Singing the Rug: Patterned Textiles and the Origins of Indo-European Metrical Poetry. American Journal of Archeology, 110 (4), 539-550.
Vitolin, E. (1973). Latyshskiye pastusheskiye pesni. V: Problemy muzykal’nogo fol’klora narodov SSSR. Moskva, 81-93.
Watkins, C. (1963). Indo-European Metrics and Archaic Irish Verse. Celtica, № 6, 194–249.
West M.L. (1992). Ancient Greek Music. Clarendon Press.
West, M.L. (1973). Indo-European Metre. Glotta, № 3/4, 161-187.
West, M.L. (1973a). Greek Poetry 2000–700 B.C. The Classical Quarterly, № 23(2), 179-192.
West, M.L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wiora, W. (1957). Älter als die Pentatonik. In: Studia memoriae Belae Bartók sacra. Budapestini: Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. S. 185-208.
Yoshikazu, Nakamura. (1979). Some Greek folk songs of an Aegean Island Naxos. Hitotsubashi journal of Social Studies, № 1(11), 17-30.
Zalіznjak, L. (2016). Mezolіtichnі vytoky pershyh іndoyevropejskyh kultur Yevrope za danymy arheologіyi. Arheologіja 3.
Zaliznyak, L.L. (2019). Istoriya ukrayins’koyi indoyevropeyistyky. Arkheolohiya, № 2, 5-18 https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2019.02.005
Zemtsovskiy, I. (1975). Melodika kalendarnykh pesen. Leningrad: Muzyka.
Zemtsovskiy, I.I. (1983). Iz bolgaro-litovskikh etnomuzykal’nykh paralleley (Balcano-Balto-Slavica kak predmet muzykovedeniya). Balto-Slavyanskiye issledovaniya – 1982. Moskva: Nauka, Vol. 3, 205-223.
Zhirmunskiy, V.M. (1964). Ritmiko-sintaksicheskiy parallelizm kak osnova drevnetyurkskogo narodnogo epicheskogo stikha. Voprosy yazykoznaniya, № 4, 3-24.
Zhordania Dzh. (1989) Gruzinskaja tradicionnaja polifonija v mezhdunarodnom kontekste polifonicheskoj kul'tury (problema proishozhdenija polifonii). Tbilisi: Izdatelstvo Tbilisskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta.
Zhnivarskі. (1990). Zhnivarskі pіsnі: Ukraїnskі narodnі pіsnі: Pіsennik (upor. O.O. Chebanyuk). Kyiv: Muzychna Ukraina.
Četkauskaitė, G. (2007). Lietuvių liadies dainų antologija. Vilnius: Lietuvos muzikos ir teatro akademija.
Čiurlionytė, J. (1999). Lietuvių liaudies melodijos. Vilnius: Lietuvos muzikos akademija.